Environmental related

People are getting more conscious about the importance of conserving and protecting environment. 


We, engineers, can contribute to protection of environment together with regulators (with policy) through adherence to ideas/ concepts of Green Building, Optimization of use of building materials, Integrated Water Resource Management, Integrated River Basin Management, Green  Resource Recovery in Sewerage via Green Technology, etc.

Soil Investigation Report

(Remark: The followings are my notes after reading relevant papers for civil engineering works. It is posted online for my ease of reference and whoever may need a glimpse on the subject.)

Moisture Content, Wn




Liquid Limit, LL



Presence of sand/ silt reduce LL.


Wn=LL mean soil is normally consolidated, Wn>LL mean soil is very soft like liquid.




Plastic Limit, PL



High content of clay, high value of PL. Sand have no PL.


Wn=PL mean soil is over-consolidated. 




Plastic Index, PI = LL-PL



Amount of clay present. High PI=high clay content, high plasticity, high compressible, greater volume change characteristic.





Specific Gravity



SG=2.65 (normal inorganic soil)



SG<2.65 (w. organic material)



SG>2.80 (w. metal content likes iron oxides.



SG (for use of calc of void ratio in consolidation test, compaction test.)